Gig Workers & Social Security: Code 2020's 3 Key Changes

Gig Workers and Social Security: India's Code on Social Security 2020 — What Changed

The Code on Social Security, 2020, enacted in September 2020, represented a significant policy attempt to extend social security benefits to the burgeoning gig and platform economy in India. Prior to this Code, gig workers operated largely outside the formal social security net, which was primarily designed for traditional employer-employee relationships.

This legislation introduced specific definitions and frameworks to address the unique characteristics of gig and platform work. It moved away from the binary classification of 'employee' and 'self-employed' to include a third category, acknowledging the distinct nature of this workforce.

Defining the Gig: Code 2020's New Categorization

The Code on Social Security 2020 introduced formal definitions for 'gig worker' and 'platform worker', distinguishing them from traditional 'employees'. This definitional clarity is the bedrock of the Code's approach to social security for this segment.

• A 'gig worker' is defined as a person who performs work or participates in a work arrangement and earns from such activities outside of a traditional employer-employee relationship.
• A 'platform worker' is a subset of gig workers, specifically those engaged in an employment arrangement where organizations or individuals access specific services or problem-solving from other organizations or individuals through a digital platform.

This distinction is crucial because existing social security laws, such as the Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952, and the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948, were not designed to cover non-traditional work arrangements. The Code 2020 attempts to bridge this gap by creating a separate legal identity for these workers.

Social Security Provisions: A Scheme-Based Approach

Unlike traditional employees who automatically receive benefits like EPF, ESI, and gratuity, the Code 2020 mandates a different mechanism for gig and platform workers. It does not automatically extend existing schemes to them. Instead, it empowers the Central Government to formulate specific social security schemes for these workers.

These schemes can cover various benefits, including life and disability cover, health and maternity benefits, provident fund, employment injury benefits, housing, educational schemes for children, and any other benefit determined by the Central Government. The funding mechanism for these schemes is also distinct.

Funding Mechanism: Contribution Model

The Code 2020 outlines a contribution model for funding these social security schemes. It mandates that aggregators (the digital platforms) contribute to a social security fund for gig and platform workers. This is a significant shift, as it places a statutory obligation on platforms to contribute to worker welfare.

• The contribution rate is specified as 1% to 2% of the annual turnover of the aggregators. This contribution is capped at 5% of the amount paid or payable by the aggregator to gig workers and platform workers.
• The Central Government can also contribute to these schemes, and State Governments are empowered to formulate their own schemes and collect contributions.

This multi-stakeholder contribution model aims to create a sustainable funding source for social security benefits without imposing the full burden solely on the workers or the government. The Code also allows for voluntary contributions from the workers themselves.

Comparison: Code 2020 vs. Traditional Social Security

Understanding the changes introduced by the Code 2020 requires a comparison with the existing framework for formal sector employees.

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